GPAT-2019- Water Soluble Vitamins
VITAMIN
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PHYSIOL. FUNCTIONS
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Deficiency
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Toxicity
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SOURCES
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THIAMINE (B 1)
Anti-beriberi factor
(Oral / IM / SC)
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§ Coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism (2 C atom metabolism getting rid of pyruvic).
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§ Results from eating white wheat polished rice & alcoholics àBeriberi
§ GI: Anorexia, HCl
§ CNS: Fatigue, Mental Disorders, Periph neuritis,
§ CV: Card. failure / LVH, TC
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§ Very safe; toxicity not marked.
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Adults > 0.6 mg
Infants > 0.4 mg
Uses:
Beriberi
Periph neuritis in DM
Neuralgia
Mental Disorders
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§ Beef, liver, pork, fish, eggs.
§ Whole or enriched grains.
§ Yeast
§ Vitamin B1 is thermolabile.
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RIBOFLAVIN (B 2)
The yellow green florescent pigment in milk
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§ Coenzyme in protein metabolism (proton carrier).
§ Deficiency à tissue inflammation. (def. occurs in conjunctn. with other B vit.)
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§ Wound aggravation
§ Cheilosis (cracks at corners of mouth).
§ Glossitis, eye irritation.
§ Seborrheic dermatitis.
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Adults > 1.0 mg
Infants > 0.6 mg
§ Never given alone but with other B vit. (Oral, IM, SC)
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§ Milk, liver, kidney
§ Enriched cereals
§ Absorbed from upper GIT
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NIACIN (B 3)
As nicotinic acid or nicotinamide (when vasodilatation is contraindicated we can use nicotinamide instead of nicotinic a
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§ Coenzyme in tissue oxidation as H+ carrier à energy (ATP productn in respiratory chain).
§ Metabolism of Fat, protein, glucose.
§ Uses: ttt of pellagra.
§ Nicot. a (not nicotinamide) > 3 gm / day, hypocholest.
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§ Pellagra characterized by scaly dermatitis, photosensitivity & fatal effects on CNS
§ Weakness, lassitude
§ Anorexia, indigestion.
§ CNS: neuritis, confusion, apathy, schizophrenia.
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§ Vasodilatatn, flushing
§ Hepatotoxicity
§ GI irritatn/ ulceration
§ Hyperuricemia
§ Glucose intolerance (hyperglycemia)
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Adults: > 6 - 45 mg
Infants > 4 mg (niacin equivalent) 60 mg tryptophan = 1 mg nicotinic acid
B3 & B2 are closely interrelated in cell metabolism. If one is deficient the other is.
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§ Meats
§ Peanuts, beans, peas
§ Enriched grains.
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PYRIDOXINE (B 6)
Pyridoxal is more stable than pyridoxine
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§ Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism (in decarboxylation & transamination)
§ Production of GABA (a neurotransmitter inhibitor that prevents convulsions)
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§ Anemia (hypo chromic, microcytic).
§ CNS: epileptic convulsions, peripheral neuritis.
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B6 is contraindicated wit L-dopa (Why)
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2 mg (Pregnancy & estrogen/progest OC B6 à additional B6)
INH, hydralazine & penicillamine deplete tryptophan à B6 def.
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§ Wheat, corn, yeast
§ Meat, liver, Kidney
§ GIT flora à B6 but significance not determined
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VITAMIN
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PHYSIOLOGIC FUNC.
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Deficiency
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SOURCES
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PANTOTHENIC ACID
Found throughout body tissues
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§ Coenzyme in overall body metabolism
§ Converted to Co-A (Ac Ch synthesis & fatty a metabolism)
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Contributes to:
§ Amino acid activation
§ Formation of Cholesterol
§ Excretion of drugs
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§ Locally to aid wound healing.
§ IM to aid motility of the intestine after surgical op (post-op paralytic ileus.
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GIT flora syn. a considerable amount + wide spread in nat. sources à def. not common
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§ Liver, kidney
§ Yeast, egg yolk
§ Skimmed milk.
§ Leafy vegetable
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.
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FOLIC ACID
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§ Important in cell growth & blood forming factors.
§ Essential for synth. of purine & pyrimidine nucleotides
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§ Megaloplasic anemia
§ Sprue (GIT disease characterized by severe diarrhea).
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§ Not toxic by oral route
§ Pern. anemia (doesn’t control neurologic sym)
§ Megaloblastic anemia.
§ Sprue treatment.
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50 ug
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§ Liver, kidney
§ Green leafy vegetables
§ Asparagus.
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COBOLAMINE (B12)
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§ Coenzyme in protein synthesis
§ Formation of red blood cells.
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§ Pernicious anemia
§ Sprue treatment + folic a
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6 ug.
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§ Liver, meat, egg. milk, cheese.
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BIOTIN
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§ Coenzyme in CO2 reactions in energy metabolism.
§ Involved in fatty a synthesis & in carboxylation reactns.
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§ Undetermined.
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§ Synthesized by GIT flora or with ingested food (nat. def. unknown)
§ Large amounts of egg white à deficiency.
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“micronutrient” bec minute traces à metabolic task
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§ Egg yolk,
§ Liver, kidney.
§ Tomato, yeast
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CHOLINE
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§ Essential for synthesis of phosphatidyl-choline involved in lipid transport & acetylcholine synthesis
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§
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§ Synth. in body from amino acid methionine
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VITAMIN C
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§ Building & maintaining collagen, cartilage, bone matrix & connective tissue.
§ Wound healing, tissue
§ GIT absorption of iron
§ Redox reactions in the body à Cellular respiration
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§ Scurvy *
§ Megahemoglobinemia (bec of its reducing properties)
§ Wound healing, tissue formation (cementing connective tissue)
§ Fever, infections stored vitamin C
§ Stress reactions
§ Growth period.
§ ttt of alcohol overdose à stimulates alcohol dehydrogenase
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§ Increased stone formation in UT.
§ Diarrhea
§ 10 gm daily of vit C followed by rapid withdrawal à frank symptoms of scurvy.
§ Scurvy develops in newborns to mothers who suddenly stop large daily doses of vitamin C.
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Adult > 150 mg
Child > 20 mg
Women have higher vitamin C levels than men.
Smoking vitamin C levels in blood.
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Citrus fruits, tomatoes, green & yellow vegetables (cabbage, potatoes) & strawberries.
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